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Hebrew
Vowels
a as in father
ai as in aisle (= long i as in ice)
e = short e as in bed
ei as in eight (= long a as in ace)
i as in pizza (= long e as in be)
o = long o as in go
u = long u as in lunar
‘ = unstressed vowel close to or unstressed short e
Consonants
ch as in German Bach or Scottish loch (not as in cheese)
g = hard g as in get (not soft g as in gem)
tz = as in boats
h after a vowel is silent
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Ladino
D Pronounced like “th” (this)
G Before e or i, like “dj” (gentle)
J Not gutturalized (vision)
LL Pronounced as “y” (yet)
S When initial - unvoiced (sorry)
When between vowels - voiced (lazy)
When final - voiced (lazy)
C Pronounced like unvoiced S (sorry)
Z Voiced S sound (lazy)
X Pronounced like “sh” (shoe)
V As “v” in English (victory)
(not mixture of b and v)
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